The properties of heterogenous materials are governed by the arrangement of their nanoscale constituents. This is especially true for hierarchically organized biomaterials such as bone, tendon, wood but also for technical materials such as steel, concrete or ceramics. In particular, the understanding of orientations in 3D is a key factor to predict the physical properties of current materials, model their properties more faithfully and to propose ways to improve future materials for fields such as medicine, energy storage, composite structures or low carbon construction materials. The aim of this workshop is to assemble the communities of Material Scientists, Physicists and Mathematicians working on methods to determine orientation distributions on the nano- and crystal scale in 2D and 3D, and to stimulate a discussion on existing techniques, their computational limitations and ways to improve them, with a particular focus on their mathematical underpinnings.